Jon

http://withoutsanctuary.org/pics_22.html

       - This picture sums up just how horrific some of these lynchings were. Not only does the photograph display the charred remains of a black man hanging from a pole to be displayed for the public, but it shows the helpless faces of the black community who were forced to watch as the body of Jesse Washington was mutilated in the streets. What is even more horrifying is that the body of Jesse Washington was dragged through the streets parading by "colored schools" as they were in session. I also thought it was awful to see the faces and the body language of the white men in the photograph who look like they accomplished something through the mutilation of the 17 year old boy. What also interested me here was that Jesse Washington had not even been convicted of a crime but was only a suspect for a murder. The caption on the back of the photograph also is disturbing in that the photograph is described as a barbecue. It is hard to believe that this was actually accepted among the community here.

http://withoutsanctuary.org/pics_69.html

    - This souvenir postcard interested me because it displays a strong statement made by the California government in which kidnapping and murder would not be tolerated. It is also interesting the the governor of California condones the lynching saying that "While the law should have been permitted to take its course, the people by their action have given notice to the entire world that in California kidnapping will not be tolerated."

Jeff

“In America everything is for sale, even a national shame. Till I came upon a postcard of a lynching, postcards seemed trivial to me, the way second hand, misshapen Rubbermaid products might seem now. Ironically, the pursuit of these images has brought to me a great sense of purpose and personal satisfaction.”
            The movie on the site was very interesting, showing a slide show of pictures of the lynching. Most of the pictures were tough to handle showing pictures of burnings and lynchings. These pictures show people dying in the most disgusting fashion and putting those images on postcards to show off to your friends. That why I put the quote on the top, a quote from James Alle, the voice of the movie. Hearing his story and seeing the pictures is not a fun project to write about. America will always try to make things in a profit; even at its lowest moment in history it was trying to make a buck.

This picture is of the lynching of Jesse Washington. May 16, 1916. Waco, Texas. The number of people at this lynching is outrageous. Everyone I am sure took the day off from work to see this event.

The lynching of Rubin Stacy July 19, 1935, Fort Lauderdale, Florida
I posted this picture because of the spectators watching the Lynching. Four little girls stand and smile for a picture.

John

I found the first site about lynching to be very disturbing.  This site contained a collection of lynching photographs [collected by] by James Allen.  The site has about 100 different photos of lynching that are actually documented.  The photographs are part of a book called “Without Sanctuary that James Allen and some other authors put together.  All of the photos have the documented place and the date of the incident.  This is seen down under three photos that I found to be especially disturbing.

 

1.The corpses of five African American males, Nease Gillepsie, John Gillepsie, "Jack" Dillingham, Henry
Lee, and George Irwin with onlookers
August 6, 1906.  Salisbury, North Carolina

2. barefoot corpse of Laura Nelson. May 25, 1911, Okemah, Oklahoma.
Gelatin silver print. Real photo postcard. 3 1/2 x 5 1/2"
Etched in the negative:"copyright-1911-g.h.farnum, okemah. okla 2898." Stamp on reverse, "unmailable

3.The lynching of  Lige Daniels.  Onlookers, including young boys. August
3, 1920, Center, Texas.
Gelatin silver print. Real photo postcard. 3 1/2 x 5 1/2"

The second site is about a specific lynching that took place in Duluth, Minnesota. Six black circus workers that came to town working with the circus were accused of raping a white woman. Three of them were found guilty by a lynch mob and then killed.  The other three were saved by the National Guard the next day.  What I found so interesting about this event is that it took place in Minnesota, a northern state.  Some of the reactions of the local newspapers surprised me.

The Ely Miner, of nearby Ely, Minnesota claimed “while the thing was wrong in principle, it was most effective and those who were put out of their criminal existence by the mob will not assault any more young girls.
The Mankato Daily Free Press, referring to the three blacks as “beasts in human shape,” asserted the triple lynching was preferable to a fair trial: “Mad dogs are shot dead without ceremony. Beasts in human shape are entitled to but scant consideration. The law gives them by far too much of an advantage.”

Matt

Duluth Lynchings

Accusations
On the warm summer night of June 14, Irene Tusken, age nineteen, and James Sullivan, eighteen, went to the circus in Duluth. At the end of the evening the pair walked to the rear of the main tent. Nobody is sure of what happened next, but in the early morning of June 15th, Duluth Police Chief John Murphy received a call from James Sullivan’s father saying six black circus workers had held the pair at gunpoint and then raped Irene Tusken. Little evidence would be found to corroborate these claims. An examination of Tusken that morning by Dr. David Graham, a family physician, showed no physical signs of rape or assault.

After this accusation the six black men were arrested by the police and brought to the city jail. That night a mob formed -- 1,000 to 10,000 people -- and broke into the jail to beat and hang the accused. Only 3 of the accused were actually lynched: Isaac McGhie, then Elmer Jackson, and Elias Clayton

http://collections.mnhs.org/duluthlynchings/details.cfm?DcmntID=809&Sequence=1&bhcp=1 <http://collections.mnhs.org/duluthlynchings/details.cfm?DcmntID=809&amp;Sequence=1&amp;bhcp=1>

Quotes agreeing and disagreeing with the lynchings

“This is a crime of a Northern state, as black and ugly as any that has brought the South in disrepute. The Duluth authorities stand condemned in the eyes of the nation.”

“an ineffaceable stain on the name of Minnesota,” stating, “The sudden flaming up of racial passion, which is the reproach of the South, may also occur, as we now learn in the bitterness of humiliation in Minnesota.”

“while the thing was wrong in principle, it was most effective and those who were put out of their criminal existence by the mob will not assault any more young girls.”

“We are going to run all idle negroes out of Superior and they’re going to stay out.”

Kevin

-  On June 14, Irene Tusken, age nineteen, and James Sullivan, eighteen, went to the circus in Duluth.

-  The early morning of June 15th, Duluth Police Chief John Murphy received a call from James Sullivan’s father saying six black circus workers had held the pair at gunpoint and then raped Irene Tusken.

-  An examination of Tusken that morning by Dr. David Graham, a family physician, showed no physical signs of rape or assault.

-  Six blacks were immediately arrested by the Duluth Police and held in the Duluth city jail.

-  That evening a white mob estimated between 1,000 and 10,000 people gathered on Superior Street outside the police station.

-  The mob forced its way into the jail, tearing down doors and breaking windows. They pulled all six blacks from their cells. After a hasty mock trial, Clayton, Jackson, and McGhie were declared guilty and taken one block to a light pole on the corner of First Street and Second Avenue East.  

-  The three men were beaten and then lynched, first Isaac McGhie, then Elmer Jackson, and lastly Elias Clayton.

-  Many were shocked such an atrocity happened in Minnesota, a northern state.  Some believed Irene Tusken was raped and that the three victims, although never tried in court, were guilty and deserving of their fate.  

-  There have been at least twenty lynching deaths in Minnesota history. Of this number, the only black victims were the three men killed in Duluth on June 15, 1920.

-  No one was ever convicted for the murder of Isaac McGhie, Elmer Jackson, and Elias Clayton. Max Mason, one of the black circus workers, was convicted of rape and sentenced to serve seven to thirty years.  

-  Max Mason arrived at Minnesota State Prison, Stillwater in August 1921. In 1925 the Minnesota Parole Board discharged Mason from prison with the condition that he leave the state.   

Ann-Marie

“Urban planning in the early years of its modern phase dealt largely with how to create a healthy, attractive, efficient, and safe community.” Yet urban planning dealt with much more than just trying to create an ideal community, it dealt with locations, patterns, transportation, and creating an effective community for its residents.  Most cities fall into a basic grid pattern when being designed, with the exception of Washington D.C. “Municipal Art in the sense of conscious effort toward beautiful results in city building is a comparatively new arrival among the progressive movements of the age. While there have been in the past sporadic cases of such community effort, a new spirit seems to be manifesting itself in these millennial days, and cities all over the country are arousing themselves to the necessity for beauty. They are demanding it, not as a luxury, but as a fundamental need.” (Municipal Art) While also dealing with the functionality of designing a city, people were now concerned with the aesthetics as well.  Residents wanted new trends and modern movements of the time present in their cities.  They wanted to see what they thought were beautiful. A pattern I found in a different articles like City Aesthetics, that cities that just naturally grew on their own, like Boston, have their own sort of beauty.  There is a certain charm that all find walking down cobblestone streets, and Buls argues that although it did not fit with the definition of beauty in city planning at the time, there is it unmistakable beauty.  It is interesting to see in society as a whole, the focus moving away from function to aesthetically pleasing.  They people were not looking for a meticulously planned efficient city, they were looking for the beauty and a more modern city.  

http://www.timefreezephotos.com/pictures/nyc2.jpg

Frank

What A Great City Might Be – A Lesson From The White City
By John Coleman Adams

Summary of Arguments

• When one entered the gates of  the White  City, he felt that he was  in the presence of a system of arrangements which had been carefully and  studiously planned.  The city was  orderly and convenient.
  

• The streets were not a tangle of thoroughfares representing individual preference or caprice; they were a  system of avenues devised for the public convenience.
  

• Every resident of a great city will recognize the fact that these particulars represent just what most of our  larger cities are not.  Life in our cities would be vastly easier if only they had been planned with some  reasonable foresight as to results and some commonsense prevision in behalf of  the people who were coming to live in them.
  

• “The American city grows  beyond all prophecy; it develops in unexpected directions, it increases in  territory and population at a pace which is scarcely less than  appalling” – argument over why the White City was not or cannot be implemented in  American Cities by city governments.
  

• “When London suffered from  its great fire in 1666, Sir Christopher Wren was ready with admirable plans  for rebuilding it with broad streets conveniently arranged, with such a quay  as the Victoria Embankment, and with beautiful buildings advantageously disposed.  But his plans were  never adopted, and an opportunity was lost which will perhaps never recur,  of making London into a beautiful, well-arranged  city.”
• Boston also had this opportunity, but refused  it.
  

• It was not a matter of the city growing beyond all prophecy as some may argue. According to Adams, there were other hints of the order that could  exist in cities. The management had great difficulties in its way.  It had to contend with a great  untaught multitude which had never learned in real cities how to be neat in  this mimic one.
  

• “They were as careless and  untidy here as they were in their own cities and towns
  
• They littered the ground  and city with trash – polluting the water supply and causing very unhealthy conditions.
  
• Every night patient attendees did all they could to clean up after the pollutants and ensure the city was clean for the next day.
  
• “It may be cited as an evidence of what the American populace might be trained to do in the care of its own city premises, that no great multitude of people ever took better care of itself nor showed more love of order in behavior than the throng which came and went every day through the gates of Jackson Park”
  

• A word ought to be said just  here in behalf of those excellent officials whose personal bearing and  courteous, intelligent manner of performing their duties were almost  ideal.  Many witnesses have  testified to their value as an object-lesson in the possibilities of a police force.
  

• “It may be remarked that it  would’ve been entirely feasible to secure such a sketch, because the  White City policeman, unlike  the policemen of so many cities, was a tangible reality at the points he was needed.  He was no absentee official, either in mind or body, but was always visible when on duty, and  that, too, in every part of the territory he was set to  guard.”
  

• The White City presented another hint of a  possibility of every great city, in the safety it afforded its temporary  citizens.
  

• “Every provision was made to take care of the people  and to guard their lives and limbs.   The sense of safety was strong.   The visitor could give his whole mind to the business in hand without one thought of peril – of falling into any hole [or] of being hit by any  missile.”
  

• There were no bars in the  White  City, either. If one  wanted a drink, they needed to sit down at a restaurant table. This helped  to curb public drunkenness.
  

• Comfort was another great  factor the city that needs to be learned.
  

• People didn’t need to  walk for five minutes if they wanted a drink of water, for example.  Everything was conveniently available.
  

• The White City was not only a revelation but a benediction.  But it forecast a duty, too.  It is time we awoke from our nightmare of ugliness and build better, argues Adams.
  

• Such an era of real liberty in which the city is devoted to the good of the citizen, is perfectly  possible, but only under the same conditions as those which made the White City so conspicuous.
  

• “The source and secret of the order, the  safety, the beauty, the devotion to the good of the people, which were found  in that one small municipality, lay in the fact that the best were called upon  to produce the best. Those beautiful grounds were planned by the best minds  that could be brought to the undertaking.”