His260.01 Apr. 30 Notes

“Fill full the mouth of Famine,
And bid the sickness cease …
Watch sloth and heathen folly” – This quote shows that these people need help because they are sick and hungry. Additionally, they need to be directed away from their heathen tendencies because they are not civilized enough to determine what is in their best interest. This plays into how Kipling refers to them as “half devil half child.” The Filipinos were literally viewed as children who did not know the right path to take. Kipling states that the “white men” must engage in imperialism to help these people develop the “good” and “right” lifestyle that is present in America.

“Take up the White Man's burden,
And reap his old reward--
The blame of those ye better
The hate of those ye guard--
The cry of hosts ye humour
(Ah, slowly!) toward the light:--
"Why brought ye us from bondage,
Our loved Egyptian night?" --- Why then should the "white man" take up this burden?
Kipling insisted that it was essentially a “burden” or responsibility of white men to “civilize” those less fortune people. Although they may never be thanked or appreciated for their work, they, as superior people, must do the right thing and help out even those people who do not know that they need help or that being brought from bondage is a good thing.

It does seem to capture Kipling’s general attitude. First of all, the Filipino man is depicted like an ape and looks kind of disoriented, but especially uncivilized. The white man is carrying the “little brown brother” up a large hill to the school house. This refers to Kipling’s assertion that the white men must bring such things as education and civilization to these inferior people.

Tillman claimed that as a white Southerner he understood the “white man’s burden” because, as he states, he knows what it is like to have “two races side by side that can not mix or mingle without deterioration and injury to both and the ultimate destruction of the civilization of the higher.” The southerners, he contends, have been dealing with the “white man’s burden” with the African Americans before and after emancipation.

Tillman states, “it was a burden upon our manhood and our ideas of liberty before they were emancipated.” Similarly, Kipling refers to the necessity of imperialism so there is liberty and “no iron rule of kings, but toil of serf and sweeper.” Both of these passages reflect the idea that it is a responsibility of the “white men” to ensure that liberty is promoted. Although Tillman is trying to turn people away from imperialism, he offers several of the same arguments as Kipling but in a different light. Kipling maintains that it is the white man’s responsibility to help these people. Tillman also believes in responsibility, but in an entirely different sense. Tillman thinks that they have a responsibility to themselves not to sentence thousands of American youths to death.

Both of them view the Filipinos as lesser or inferior peoples, but differ in what they think should be done with them. Kipling maintains that it is their responsibility to raise these people up to a new level of civilization, whereas Tillman believes that trying to help inferior people up will result in the destruction of the higher society, namely the United States.

Twain was referring to the promises for “love, justice, gentleness, Christianity, protection to the weak, temperance, law and order, liberty, equality, honorable dealing, mercy, and education.” These things are the pretty packaging of Civilization and are things that in actuality are reserved only for the home front. The Customer Sitting in Darkness does not know that these things do not exist in reality for those outside the imperialist country. What these people really get is controlled.

The Europeans, he states, are ruining the game because they are offering “the Blessings of Civilization” to people with the cover already off. Thus, these people can see that they are only really giving up control to foreign powers and not obtaining much in return.

”We have crushed a deceived and confiding people; we have turned against the weak and the friendless who trusted us; we have stamped out a just and intelligent and well-ordered republic; we have stabbed an ally in the back and slapped the face of a guest; we have bought a Shadow from an enemy that hadn't it to sell; we have robbed a trusting friend of his land and his liberty.”

In this single quote, Twain recites his belief that the Filipinos are simply weak and friendless and instead of helping them, Americans have betrayed a trusting friend.

Go, bind your sons to exile
To serve your captives' need;
To wait, in heavy harness,
On fluttered folk and wild--
Your new-caught sullen peoples,
Half devil and half child.”

“It was a burden upon our manhood and our ideas of liberty before they were emancipated. It is still a burden, although they have been granted the franchise. It clings to us like the shirt of Nessus, and we are not responsible, because we inherited it, and your fathers as well as ours are responsible for the presence amongst us of that people”

“The cry of those ye humor
(Ah, slowly!) toward the light:--
'Why brought ye us from bondage,
Our loved Egyptian night?'“

“And by and by comes America, and our Master of the Game [President McKinley] plays it badly. . . . It was a mistake to do that; also, it was one which was quite unlooked for in a Master who was playing it so well in Cuba. In Cuba, he was playing the usual and regular American game, and it was winning, for there is no way to beat it.”

“For, presently, came the Philippine temptation. It was strong; it was too strong, and he made that bad mistake: he played the European game. . . . It was a pity; it was a great pity, that error; that one grievous error, that irrevocable error. For it was the very place and time to play the American game again. And at no cost. Rich winnings to be gathered in, too; rich and permanent; indestructible; a fortune transmissible forever to the children of the flag. Not land, not money, not dominion -- no, something worth many times more than that dross: our share, the spectacle of a nation of long harassed and persecuted slaves set free through our influence; our posterity's share, the golden memory of that fair deed. The game was in our hands. If it had been played according to the American rules, Dewey would have sailed away from Manila as soon as he had destroyed the Spanish fleet -- after putting up a sign on shore guaranteeing foreign property and life against damage by the Filipinos, and warning the Powers that interference with the emancipated patriots would be regarded as an act unfriendly to the United States. The Powers cannot combine, in even a bad cause, and the sign would not have been molested.”

“Dewey could have gone about his affairs elsewhere, and left the competent Filipino army to starve out the little Spanish garrison and send it home, and the Filipino citizens to set up the form of government they might prefer, and deal with the friars and their doubtful acquisitions according to Filipino ideas of fairness and justice -- ideas which have since been tested and found to be of as high an order as any that prevail in Europe or America.

But we played the [European] game, and lost the chance to add another Cuba and another honorable deed to our good record.

Kipling insisted that the "white man" acquired imperial possessions to "serve" his "captive's needs." What, according to Kipling, were these "needs"?

Throughout the poem Kipling makes references to the “captives” as childish, and as shown in the following phrase, “devilish.” This implies that their needs were simply to become civilized and without the force of the United States they would not be able to do so.
“Your new-caught sullen peoples,
Half devil and half child.”

The cartoon, The White Man’s Burden, depicts a U.S. soldier carrying a Filipino up a hill to a school house. The portrays the racists' idea of the Filipinos as childish and unable to learn and ultimately live civilly on their own.

1. I think that Twain was right. It said that it benefited that half savage, but imperialism is what it is.

"Imperialism, Kipling argued, benefitted the "half-savage" races colonized rather than the imperial power"

I really think that imperialism benefited the mother country even more because of all of the revenue that they are bringing in.

2. The cartoon shows all of the things that the us has such as athe school house and palm trees, american flag and they are trying to shove these things onto an area where these are not natural things and this is exactly what happened

Kipling insisted that the "white man" acquired imperial possessions to "serve" his "captive's needs." What, according to Kipling, were these "needs"? Choose specific images from the poem to illustrate your points.

- Kipling states that the needs are “To seek another's profit and work another's gain”. He means that the captives are to be slaves and work for a profit that is not theirs. “Take up the White Man's burden--The savage wars of peace” “"Why brought ye us from bondage, Our loved Egyptian night?" “Nor call too loud on Freedom To cloak your weariness”. The white men must civilized those captives so that they know the right way of life.

Imperialism, Kipling maintained, was a thankless task. He wrote:
Take up the White Man's burden,
And reap his old reward--
The blame of those ye better
The hate of those ye guard--
The cry of hosts ye humour
(Ah, slowly!) toward the light:--
"Why brought ye us from bondage,
Our loved Egyptian night?"
Why then should the "white man" take up this burden?
- They should take up the burden because they will reap the old rewards. They should try to educate those less fortunate then them because that is their duty in life. If the white men do not take up this burden then the captives will hate them. Kipling maintains that the captives are asking to be civilized and to be changed.

How well does this cartoon, reprinted in the Literary Digest from a Detroit newspaper, capture the meaning of the poem? Again, cite specific features of the cartoon as well as specific images and passages from the poem.

-The cartoon shows a white man carrying a ‘brown person’ to the schoolhouse to become educated. Kipling states that the captives are “Half devil and half child” and that they should “And bid the sickness cease”. Kipling believes that they should help to educate the captives and show them the right way of life.

Tillman claimed that, as a white Southerner, he knew all about the "white man's burden." What did he mean by the phrase?

- Tillman is relating back to when the South had slaves and they thought it was their job to keep them as slaves. He states that “It was a burden upon our manhood and our ideas of liberty before they were emancipated. It is still a burden, although they have been granted the franchise. It clings to us like the shirt of Nessus, and we are not responsible, because we inherited it, and your fathers as well as ours are responsible for the presence amongst us of that people”. He feels like the same measures should be taken over in the Philippines as was taken in the South with the slaves.

How similar were Tillman's racial ideas to Kipling's? Cite specific images and passages.
-Tillman cites many of Kipling’s stanzas from his poem which leads us to believe that he also has the same racial ideas as Kipling. Tillman states that “I will pause here. I intend to read more, but I wish to call attention to a fact which may have escaped the attention of Senators thus far, that with five exceptions every man in this chamber who has had to do with the colored race in this country voted against the ratification of the treaty. It was . . . because we understand and realize what it is to have two races side by side that can not mix or mingle without deterioration and injury to both and the ultimate destruction of the civilization of the higher. We of the South have borne this white man's burden of a colored race in our midst since their emancipation and before.” He agrees with Kipling’s idea of civilizing the captives.

How does Tillman's description of the Filipinos compare with Kipling's?
-They both state that the Filipinos need to be civilized. Tillman states that “We of the South have borne this white man's burden of a colored race in our midst since their emancipation and before.” Tillman compares the Filipinos with the slaves of the South which is how Kipling also thinks of the Filipinos. “It was a burden upon our manhood and our ideas of liberty before they were emancipated. It is still a burden, although they have been granted the franchise. It clings to us like the shirt of Nessus, and we are not responsible, because we inherited it, and your fathers as well as ours are responsible for the presence amongst us of that people. Why do we as a people want to incorporate into our citizenship ten millions more of different or of differing races, three or four of them”?

Twain constrasted the "European" and the "American" game. What did he mean by each?
- Twain states that the “American game, and it was winning, for there is no way to beat it. The Master, contemplating Cuba, said: "Here is an oppressed and friendless little nation which is willing to fight to be free; we go partners, and put up the strength of seventy million sympathizers and the resources of the United States: play!" Nothing but Europe combined could call that hand: and Europe cannot combine on anything. There, in Cuba, he was following our great traditions in a way which made us very proud of him, and proud of the deep dissatisfaction which his play was provoking in Continental Europe. Moved by a high inspiration, he threw out those stirring words which proclaimed that forcible annexation would be "criminal aggression;" and in that utterance fired another "shot heard round the world." The memory of that fine saying will be outlived by the remembrance of no act of his but one -- that he forgot it within the twelvemonth, and its honorable gospel along with it.” Twain also states that ” Dewey could have gone about his affairs elsewhere, and left the competent Filipino army to starve out the little Spanish garrison and send it home, and the Filipino citizens to set up the form of government they might prefer, and deal with the friars and their doubtful acquisitions according to Filipino ideas of fairness and justice -- ideas which have since been tested and found to be of as high an order as any that prevail in Europe or America. But we played the [European] game, and lost the chance to add another Cuba and another honorable deed to our good record.”

1) “British author Rudyard Kipling urged the United States to join England in taking up "The White Man's Burden." Imperialism, Kipling argued, benefitted the "half-savage" races colonized rather than the imperial power.”

“India was, Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli told Queen Victoria, the "jewel in the crown," the most important possession of the British Empire. Kipling considered himself a product of that empire, and he became a staunch advocate of western imperialism. It brought "civilization" to "new-caught sullen peoples." It was, in fact, a moral obligation. Favored nations and races had the responsibility to "take up the White Man's burden." Kipling wrote the poem to urge the United States to take over the Philippines. It was time for the United States to take its proper place as an imperial power.”

According to Kipling, it was the moral responsibility of the United States to civilize the primitive peoples in the Philippines. He and others in favor of American Imperialism “rationalized their empire as altruistic efforts to bring the benefits of their "superior" civilization to their ‘little brown brothers,’ as President McKinley referred to the Filipinos.” American Imperialism was similar to that of the Roman Empire. As the Romans conquered most of the Mediterranean, they sought to Romanize the barbaric tribes they conquered. They introduced Roman customs, religion, social hierarchy, engineering, and government to these people. They even allowed barbaric people to enlist in the Roman Army to learn and develop discipline, a sense of honor and duty, and to defend Roman institutions and beliefs.

Kipling’s poem referred to the Filipinos as “Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half devil and half child.” The Filipinos, in his opinion, needed to be civilized, educated, disciplined, and become accustomed to the strong and better ways of democracy and white supremacy. He also implied that American Imperialism would “Fill full the mouth of Famine, And bid the sickness to cease.” The Americans would take good care of the people in the Philippines, would ensure that they would not starve, and use their advanced technology to cure sickness and disease.

2) This section of Kipling’s poem was difficult to decipher. However, it seemed that enslaving the Filipinos would better their situation and bring forth civilization to their primitive lifestyle. As we will see in later answers how whites living in the Southern United States similarly believed, or claimed to believe that slavery helped civilize the Africans and provide them with work making them useful and improving their conditions. Kipling’s support of American Imperialism appeared to be undermining God and how he sent Moses to liberate the Israelites who were held in bondage under their Egyptian masters. Perhaps Imperialists like Kipling felt that primitive peoples like the Filipinos were not capable of governing themselves as they lived in a metaphoric darkness, lived in ignorance, and engaged in sinful activities.
3) In the cartoon, there appears to be a man representing the United States carrying a primitive, black Filipino savage to an American School House to become educated of the white man’s ways, to perhaps start a new life, and to become a proud product of the American Empire. The savage appears to be carried against his will up the School House. In addition, the white man seems to be carrying this savage up a steep incline to get him to the School House. In accordance with Kipling’s poem, the United States has sent “forth the best ye breed…”to “Take up the White Man’s burden” “To serve your captive’s need…” “Watch sloth and heathen folly Bring all your hope to nought.” In essence, the white man portrayed in the cartoon is there genuinely trying to help the ignorant savage who does not know how to help himself. The Americans were shown bringing hope to these people and taking care of their needs to take up the challenging task of the White Man’s burden. The cartoon does a great job capturing the meaning of Kipling’s poem.

4) When Tillman referred to knowing all about the “White Man’s burden,” he was referring to the Southern peculiar institution of slavery. Slavery in the Southern United States had not only powered Southern economy, it also civilized the primitive, uncivilized Africans who had been bought from Africa via the slave trade. Tillman stated the following: “…because we understand and realize what it is to have two races side by side that can not mix or mingle without deterioration and injury to both and the ultimate destruction of the civilization of the higher. We of the South have borne this white man's burden of a colored race in our midst since their emancipation and before.

It was a burden upon our manhood and our ideas of liberty before they were emancipated. It is still a burden, although they have been granted the franchise. It clings to us like the shirt of Nessus, and we are not responsible, because we inherited it, and your fathers as well as ours are responsible for the presence amongst us of that people. Why do we as a people want to incorporate into our citizenship ten millions more of different or of differing races, three or four of them?”

Tillman contended that slavery was good as it gave the Africans a worthy purpose and maintained segregation between them and Southern whites. Although one could argue that slavery brought forth civilization to the Africans, Tillman was apparently afraid of integration between the races, a common fear made public after the American Civil War had ended. Integration, he stated, would deteriorate and destroy “the civilization of the higher.”

5 & 6) Tillman’s racial ideas differ from Kipling’s quite clearly. Tillman had witnessed the South taking up the White Man’s burden and how it was not what people like Kipling made it out to be. American Imperialism would only occur through the loss of nearly 10,000,000 good Americans. What would the United States get out of this that would justify all these losses? He obviously viewed Filipinos and Africans as distinct, inferior races who were not worth the time or effort of the United States.

“Ah, if we have no other consideration, if no feeling of humanity, no love of our fellows, no regard for others' rights, if nothing but our self-interest shall actuate us in this crisis, let me say to you that if we go madly on in the direction of crushing these people into subjection and submission we will do so at the cost of many, many thousands of the flower of American youth. There are 10,000,000 of these people, some of them fairly well civilized, and running to the extreme of naked savages, who are reported in our press dispatches as having stood out in the open and fired their bows and arrows, not flinching from the storm of shot and shell thrown into their midst by the American soldiers there.”

“Those peoples are not suited to our institutions. They are not ready for liberty as we understand it. They do not want it. Why are we bent on forcing upon them a civilization not suited to them and which only means in their view degradation and a loss of self-respect, which is worse than the loss of life itself?
Tillman tried to use Kipling's poem against itself, to turn it into a call to turn away from imperialism.”

Kipling believed, as mentioned before, that the United States had a moral obligation as a civilized country with great institutions to expand its borders and to civilize the savages in the Philippines. Kipling also viewed the Filipinos as slaves and captives to ignorance, evil, and darkness. In addition, Kipling described the Filipinos as childlike and at best “semi-civilized.”

“LOVE,
JUSTICE,
GENTLENESS,
CHRISTIANITY,
PROTECTION TO THE WEAK,
TEMPERANCE,

LAW AND ORDER,
LIBERTY,
EQUALITY,
HONORABLE DEALING,
MERCY,
EDUCATION,

-- and so on.”
Twain believed that these ideals of civilization were very good and appealing to “export” to other areas around the world, including the Philippines. The façade of civilization – the privacy and confidentiality of it – was “merely an outside cover, gay and pretty and attractive, displaying the special patterns of our Civilization which we reserve for Home Consumption.” On the inside, the Customer Sitting in Darkness bought civilization with “his blood and tears and land and liberty.” That Actual Thing is, indeed, Civilization, but it is only for Export. In other words, civilization was a great group of beliefs and ideals to be upheld. Unfortunately, American Imperialism would deny Filipinos the opportunity to experience civilization. In addition, this Imperialism would also come at the cost of Filipino lives, bloodshed, hardships, violence, and war. The very ideals of civilization would actually not be upheld as many of them, like love, justice, gentleness, Christianity, protection to the weak, and so on, would be suspended so that the Americans could conquer and control the Philippines. In reality, civilization was a great thing to be apart of, but the United States was frankly going about spreading it in the wrong way undermining the supports of civilization.

8) “And by and by comes America, and our Master of the Game [President McKinley] plays it badly. . . . It was a mistake to do that; also, it was one which was quite unlooked for in a Master who was playing it so well in Cuba. In Cuba, he was playing the usual and regular American game, and it was winning, for there is no way to beat it. The Master, contemplating Cuba, said: "Here is an oppressed and friendless little nation which is willing to fight to be free; we go partners, and put up the strength of seventy million sympathizers and the resources of the United States: play!" Nothing but Europe combined could call that hand: and Europe cannot combine on anything. There, in Cuba, he was following our great traditions in a way which made us very proud of him, and proud of the deep dissatisfaction which his play was provoking in Continental Europe. Moved by a high inspiration, he threw out those stirring words which proclaimed that forcible annexation would be "criminal aggression;" and in that utterance fired another "shot heard round the world." The memory of that fine saying will be outlived by the remembrance of no act of his but one -- that he forgot it within the twelvemonth, and its honorable gospel along with it.

For, presently, came the Philippine temptation. It was strong; it was too strong, and he made that bad mistake: he played the European game. . . . It was a pity; it was a great pity, that error; that one grievous error, that irrevocable error. For it was the very place and time to play the American game again. And at no cost. Rich winnings to be gathered in, too; rich and permanent; indestructible; a fortune transmissible forever to the children of the flag. Not land, not money, not dominion -- no, something worth many times more than that dross: our share, the spectacle of a nation of long harassed and persecuted slaves set free through our influence; our posterity's share, the golden memory of that fair deed. The game was in our hands. If it had been played according to the American rules, Dewey would have sailed away from Manila as soon as he had destroyed the Spanish fleet -- after putting up a sign on shore guaranteeing foreign property and life against damage by the Filipinos, and warning the Powers that interference with the emancipated patriots would be regarded as an act unfriendly to the United States. The Powers cannot combine, in even a bad cause, and the sign would not have been molested.

Dewey could have gone about his affairs elsewhere, and left the competent Filipino army to starve out the little Spanish garrison and send it home, and the Filipino citizens to set up the form of government they might prefer, and deal with the friars and their doubtful acquisitions according to Filipino ideas of fairness and justice -- ideas which have since been tested and found to be of as high an order as any that prevail in Europe or America.

But we played the [European] game, and lost the chance to add another Cuba and another honorable deed to our good record.”

Twain implied that the American game was much more virtuous, responsible, sensible, and civilized than the European game. The American game was supposed to adhere to the Constitution of the United States and Declaration of Independence which did not support imperial ambitions and slavery, and respected the rights of liberties of United States citizens. In other words, the American game adhered much better to the principles of civilization than the European game. When President McKinley had been “Master of the [American] Game, he stated that “forcible aggression would be ‘criminal aggression.’” However, even McKinley succumbed to the players of the European Game and therefore forgot what he had recently stated. The “Philippine temptation… was too strong” and lucrative to give up. The European Game was a game in which countries of Europe such as Great Britain France, Germany, and Spain tried to control and exploit various countries around the world for their own profit, business, and self interests. Apparently they did uphold the principles of civilization as they forced their will and control on these countries and spread their influence by violence. The European Game was a game of ambition, vices, means to achieve glory and power, and establish complete mastery on other countries of the world.

9) Twain viewed the Filipinos as “simple-minded patriots and “Our Brother who sits in Darkness.” The Filipinos rightly fought for their independence, but were easily fooled into thinking the United States was there to help them achieve their independence. They never suspected that the US had concealed ambitions as to why they were helping in the first place. Twain also seems to believe that the Filipinos were uncivilized, but that the US had no right to force their ideals, beliefs, and ways of life upon them.

“In a misapplication of Darwinian theory, these racialists believed that each nation (and people) were involved in an unending competition in which only the "fittest" would survive. This conveniently permitted successful imperial powers to point to their conquests as proof of their own "fitness" and to rationalize their empires as altruistic efforts to bring the benefits of their "superior" civilization to their "little brown brothers," as President McKinley referred to the Filipinos.”

“Take up the White Man's burden!
Have done with childish days--
The lightly-proffered laurel,
The easy ungrudged praise:
Comes now, to search your manhood
Through all the thankless years,
Cold, edged with dear-bought wisdom,
The judgment of your peers.”

“It was a burden upon our manhood and our ideas of liberty before they were emancipated. It is still a burden, although they have been granted the franchise.”

“There are 10,000,000 of these people, some of them fairly well civilized, and running to the extreme of naked savages, who are reported in our press dispatches as having stood out in the open and fired their bows and arrows, not flinching from the storm of shot and shell thrown into their midst by the American soldiers there.”

“Extending the Blessings of Civilization to our Brother who Sits in Darkness has been a good trade and has paid well, on the whole; and there is money in it yet, if carefully worked -- but not enough, in my judgement, to make any considerable risk advisable. The People that Sit in Darkness are getting to be too scarce -- too scarce and too shy. And such darkness as is now left is really of but an indifferent quality, and not dark enough for the game. The most of those People that Sit in Darkness have been furnished with more light than was good for them or profitable for us. We have been injudicious.”

“The Person Sitting in Darkness is almost sure to say: "There is something curious about this -- curious and unaccountable. There must be two Americas: one that sets the captive free, and one that takes a once-captive's new freedom away from him, and picks a quarrel with him with nothing to found it on; then kills him to get his land."

•       Kipling was a strong advocate of western imperialism because he believed it brought “civilization” to “new caught sullen peoples.” He believed that western imperialism was a moral obligation that should be taken up by the favored nations and races. In “The White Man’s Burden,” he illustrates various needs” of the captives that the white man helped to serve.   For instance, the white man should “veil the threat of terror,” “fill full the mouth of Famine, and bid the sickness cease.” Thus, the needs of the captives are protection from terror, famine, and disease.

•       Although Kipling maintains that it was a thankless task, the “white man” should take up the burden because he saw it as a moral obligation of the favored nations and races against the more primitive and powerless ones.

•       The cartoon vividly depicts a gentleman from the United States (from the thing around his waist) grudgingly walking up a steep hill towards a school house. Although, it is hard to tell, it looks as though he is carrying some sort of food (grain, wheat?). The cartoon does capture the meaning of the poem because states “Take up the White Man’s Burden – The savage wars of peace – Fill full the mouth of Famine, and bid the sickness cease.” Thus, the white man is carrying a burden (so to speak) by attempting to walk up the hill and deliver food to the more unfortunate people.

------------------------------------------------
•       As a Southerner, Tillman claimed that he knew all about “The White Man’s Burden.” He states, “We of the South have borne this white man’s burden of a colored race in our midst since their emancipation and before.” Thus, according to Tillman, living and dealing with the “colored race” was a burden. He states “It was a burden upon our manhood and our ideas of liberty before they were emancipated. It is still a burden, although they have been granted the franchise.” Therefore, although African Americans were granted their freedom and citizenship, it was still a burden inherited by the white men in the South. They now had to incorporate millions of these former slaves and African Americans into their society.

•       Tillman and Kipling shared similar racial views. For instance, Kipling states that one must “Take up the White Man’s burden – Send forth the best ye breed.” Thus, he admits that the white “breed” is the best and they must be sent to meet the captive’s needs. In comparison, Tillman argues that the Southern man has already taken up the white man’s burden by attempting to incorporate the African Americans into society. According to Tillman, the colored race is a burden to their manhood and liberty. Therefore, he maintains that the white race is the better race in society. Thus, they both feel they have an obligation to work with the African Americans and Filipinos by making them more “civilized” people.

•       Tillman describes the Filipinos as savages that are not suited to the White Man’s institutions. He states that they are not ready for liberty and they do not want it. Furthermore, he affirms that they should not waste time forcing upon them a civilization that us not suited to them and will only degrade them. He states how they don’t even flinch when they are attacked with [shot and shell and they have only] bows and arrows. Although it is a arduous task, Kipling was more optimistic that the Filipinos could become civilized. He states, “Take up the White Man’s burden, and reap his old reward.”

•       Yes, there is a difference. According to Twain, the “blessings of civilization” were reserved for home consumption. However, the Actual Thing, Civlization, which is extended to the “People who sit in darkness” are good for them and profitable for the white man.

•       According to Twain, the “American game” was aiding the friendly nation by putting up the strength of seventy million sympathizers and resources of the Unites States against them. If it had been played by the American game, Dewey would have left Manila right after he destroyed the Spanish fleet. However, Twain states, “But we played the European game, and lost the chance to add another Cuba and another honorable deed to our good record.” Twain affirms that Europe cannot combine on anything.

•       Twain refers to the Filipinos numerous times as the “Person sitting in Darkness.” He states that “The most of those People that Sit in Darkness has been furnished with more light than was good for them or profitable for us.” Thus, he believes that the White Man has done too much to "help" the Filipinos. He also described the Filipino’s as doubtful, deceived, confiding, weak, and friendless. Twain offers strong words when he says, “We have debauched America’s honor and blackened her face before the world.” He confirms that they have stabbed any ally in the back and slapped the face of a guest.

Kipling insisted that the "white man" acquired imperial possessions to "serve" his "captive's needs." What, according to Kipling, were these "needs"? Choose specific images from the poem to illustrate your points.

-The needs were "Send forth the best ye breed-- Go, bind your sons to exile "

Why then should the "white man" take up this burden?
- The white man should take up this burden so they do not become enslaved and they can be free.

How well does this cartoon, reprinted in the Literary Digest from a Detroit newspaper, capture the meaning of the poem? Again, cite specific features of the cartoon as well as specific images and passages from the poem.

-The white man is carrying the foreign person up a hill towards a school house. The white man wants to naturalize this other man and by sending him to the school house, he will do that.

Tillman claimed that, as a white Southerner, he knew all about the "white man's burden." What did he mean by the phrase?

-Tillman claims that he knows about the white man's burden because of the slavery situation that was just lifted in the south.

Kipling insisted that the "white man" acquired imperial possessions to "serve" his "captive's needs." Twain referred to this as "the Blessings of Civilization trust" [monopoly or cartel]. The supposed "blessings of civilization" were "an outside cover, gay and pretty and attractive, displaying the special patterns of our Civilization which we reserve for Home Consumption, while inside the bale is the Actual Thing that the Customer Sitting in Darkness buys with his blood and tears and land and liberty. That Actual Thing is, indeed, Civilization, but it is only for Export. Is there a difference between the two brands? In some of the details, yes." What details did Twain have in mind?

-Twain was refering to the way the Americans were going to over take the Philippines and how they were going to civilize the people that live there.

Twain constrasted the "European" and the "American" game. What did he mean by each?
- He meant how each were taking over colonies in different parts of the world. The Europeans had taken over much of the available colonies but the Americans were respected because of their up and coming power.

Becky M

“The savage wars of peace--
Fill full the mouth of Famine,
And bid the sickness cease;
And when your goal is nearest
(The end for others sought)
Watch sloth and heathen folly
Bring all your hope to nought.”

“Take up the White Man's burden--
No iron rule of kings,
But toil of serf and sweeper--
The tale of common things.
The ports ye shall not enter,
The roads ye shall not tread,
Go, make them with your living
And mark them with your dead”

1) The “white man’s burden” included filling the mouths of those struck by famine, getting rid of sicknesses, and stopping the iron rule of kings. The kings cannot enter ports or walk on roads. The white man will come in with more of his kind to make things better there, “marking” this change by the people they kill.

2) “The White Man” should take up this burden because he will reap his own reward. Even though the people won’t thank them now, sometime in the future they will appreciate it.

3) This cartoon represents the poem. There is a US soldier walking up a hill towards a school house. There are bodies on the ground, like when he says “mark with ye dead”. There is a US flag in the background on what looks like a ship, and also a US flag on the School house. This shows that now in this other country, the US is taking a large role in teaching the people of this country.